Different scientists in different fields in psychology came up with various theories to understand the human personality. Sigmund Freud and Gordon Allport were examples of those who came with such theories, namely, the psychoanalytic and trait theories (Thompson, 2018). While these theories explain different thoughts on the human personality, the two share a similarity as much as they differ from each other, which leads me to lean towards the trait theory as opposed to Freud’s psychoanalytic theory.

The most significant difference between Freud’s and Allport’s theories is their mode of study. Freud focused the psychoanalytic theory on how one’s early childhood experiences influence one’s adult mental health and developed personality; Freud focused his study on the unconscious mind by explaining how conflict led to adult personality (Cervone & Pervin, 2019a). On the other hand, Allport focused the trait theory on how a conscious person interacted with others and developed traits through life that led to his personality developing fully at adulthood (Cervone & Pervin, 2019b). Allport’s approach led to the continuity of how people develop their personalities through their lives.

A similarity between the two theories is that the two theories focus on how behavior influences personality development in agreement with the existence of the unconscious mind. Both theorists agree that there is the existence of the conscious and unconscious parts of the mind. Sigmund and Allport both explain that actions from the unconscious mind influence how one’s personality.

While the two differ in the mode of study, I believe that the trait theory argues towards personality over the psychoanalytic theory. The trait theory is more practical and measurable in seeing how one develops a personality. As a person picks up each trait through life, one observes how each trait adds to one’s personality over the psychoanalytic theory that banks on early childhood experiences. A person will not understand another’s personality through this theory if they have not spent their childhoods together to see these experiences develop and form their personality.

References:

Cervone, D., & Pervin, L. A. (2019). • Chapter 3, “A Psychodynamic Theory: Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory of Personality.” In Personality: Theory and Research (pp. 53–84).  (14th ed) Wiley.

Cervone, D., & Pervin, L. A. (2019). • Chapter 7, “Trait Theories of Personality:  In Personality: Theory and Research (pp. 180 – 204). (14th ed) Wiley.

Cervone, D., & Pervin, L. A. (2019). • Chapter 8, “Trait Theory: The Five-Factor Model and Contemporary Developments” (pp. 205–240). (14th ed) Wiley.

Gabbard, G. O. (2001). Psychoanalytically informed approaches to the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Psychoanalytic Inquiry: A Topical Journal for Mental Health Professionals, 21(2), 208–221. https://doi.org/10.1080/07351692109348932

Thompson, S. (2018). Personality Theories. Personality Theories — Research Starters Education, 1–5. https://doi-org.ezp.waldenulibrary.org/10.3331/ors_edu_549

Emotional Intelligence

Take the quiz and share your results with the group. What were your reactions to the test and to your results? Was there anything that surprised you about the test and/or your results? Do you think this is a good test of emotional intelligence?

Here is the link for the quiz:

http://greatergood.berkeley.edu/ei_quiz (Links to an external site.)

Confidentiality is one of the ethical imperatives that is held in the highest regard by psychologists and clients. Safeguarding information disclosed to psychologists during the course of a professional relationship is something both clients and psychologists alike expect. It is a fundamental building block of the trust needed between psychologist and client. This expectation crosses many types of psychological interventions, including (but not limited to) interpersonal therapy; assessment of children, individuals, and couples; and research with human subjects. Confidentiality is expected in both public and private professional settings and interactions.

Despite such protections of confidential client information, there has been a persistent weakening of these same rights, especially subsequent to the September 11, 2001 destruction of the World Trade Center towers in New York City. The passion for privacy needed to be balanced by the right to protect one’s homeland and life (Safire, 2004, p. A27). Safire observed that patients could no longer expect that their mental health histories would remain confidential. This, however, was true prior to September 11, 2001. Clients have long been forced to waive their right to privacy when utilizing insurance to pay for their mental health treatment, which routinely requires transmission to the insurer of client diagnosis, prognosis, and aspects of history. There also are other exceptions that have existed before 2001 and include the following: the legal mandate to report both child and elder abuse/neglect; the legal requirement to warn specified others of a client’s intent to harm; the legal requirement to cooperate in providing records for which a psychologist has received a court order; the requirement to provide information to an employer who has hired a psychologist to assess a client for “fitness for duty” or some other reason (and similarly providing information to the courts from court mandated assessments).

For your first research paper, you explore the significance of confidentiality in ethics as it applies specifically to the following case. Zora, the client in question in the case, is a member of the Thompson family presented in the Week 1 media.

Zora is a 14-year-old, multi-ethnic (African American, Columbian, and Mexican) female who appears older than her stated age. She is abusing marijuana, Percocet, and Oxycontin. In defiance of her parents, she is dating Caucasian college-age boys (which her parents do not know about) and has become pregnant. She seeks counseling at a clinic for teenagers to think through how she wants to proceed. She is unsure if she wants to get an abortion, have the baby and give it up for adoption, or have the baby and join the “pregnant and parenting” services at her school. She hopes to gain clarity about what she wants before she possibly involves her family. The psychologist whom she sees at the clinic is a middle aged, Caucasian woman who is Catholic and who feels conflicted about counseling a 14-year-old who is considering an abortion. The psychologist seeks peer supervision to help her decide how she should ethically proceed. In the peer supervision group is an African American psychologist who happens to know Zora and her family, and figures out from the psychologist’s description that the client is Zora. She is shocked that Zora is pregnant and is very concerned. She wants to talk with Zora, but Zora is not her client and this information was relayed in peer supervision, which is a confidential setting. This psychologist is a close friend of Zora’s mother. She feels extremely conflicted as to what she should ethically do.

To prepare for this Assignment, consider the significance of confidentiality to the above case as you explore the conflicting ethical considerations at play. Consider how your own feelings, beliefs, attitudes, and cultural perspectives might influence how you conceptualize this case and include a brief self reflection on this in your paper.

4 pages and reference, APA format

Due tomorrow by 8:00 pm no excuses.. Folllow instructions and read everything to the tee please ty..

Assignment:

Submit a 3- to 4-page paper (not including reference or title pg) that highlights two key theories that are used in Licensed Professional Counseling.  If these theories have changed over time, discuss how they have changed. In addition, select a once-popular theory that is no longer accepted and explain what led to the change.

Next, briefly describe the main research areas used in the licensed professional counselor role. For example, developmental psychologists mainly study cognitive and emotional development. Then, explain the main research methods used in the licensed professional counseling role and how they are used to guide the research. For example, developmental psychologists primarily use the experimental method and naturalistic observation. You would then describe, in some detail, what experimental and naturalistic methods are and how they are implemented in research.  

Finally, identify a research article that employs a commonly used research method in licensed professional counseling area. Discuss what was under investigation in the study and how that particular research method was used to investigate it.

Reference: Counseling theories

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O9SIxOWgTeo